associations between hyperuricemia and chronic kidney disease: a review

context in human beings, uric acid is the poorly soluble circulating end product of the purine nucleotide metabolism. a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (gfr) contributes to hyperuricemia, which is frequently observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd). evidence acquisition hyperuricemia is defined as a serum uric acid level > 7.0 mg/dl in males and > 6.0 mg/dl in females, while ckd is defined as kidney damage or a gfr < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for 3 months or more, irrespective of the cause. hyperuricemia is common in ckd and may occur because of decreased excretion, increased production, or a combination of both mechanisms. results the causes for hyperuricemia in overproducers may be either exogenous or endogenous. ckd has become a global public health problem because of its high prevalence and the accompanying increase in the risk of end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. the most common risk factors for ckd are obesity and the metabolic syndrome, which is strongly associated with hyperuricemia probably as a consequence of insulin resistance and the effects of insulin to reduce the urinary urate excretion. for recurring bouts of hyperuricemia or gout, patients should have a blood test and joint fluid test to determine whether the medication taken is effective. interventional studies are a useful clinical research tool in clarifying the role of hyperuricemia in ckd. conclusions although many evidence-based studies have suggested that uric acid itself may harm patients with ckd by increasing inflammation and ckd progression, the issue is still a matter of controversy. special attention should be paid to specific contraindications to certain drugs and the possibility of infectious arthritis.